AUTHORS: Jesús M. López-Lezama, Juan Cortina Gómez, Nicolas Muñoz-Galeano

Download as PDF

ABSTRACT: The Electric Grid Interdiction Problem (EGIP) considers the interaction of a disruptive or malicious agent and the system operator. The disruptive agent pretends to maximize damage to the network; for this he must decide a set of lines to attack in order to maximize load shedding. The independent system operator reacts to such attack by redispatching available generation aiming to minimize load shedding. The interaction of both agents is modeled as a Stackelberg leader-follower game and framed in a bilevel programming structure. Due to its non-convexity, the EGIP has been traditionally approached by means of linearized equivalents of the network. In this paper we used a nonlinear modeling of the network and expressed the EGIP as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem providing more accurate results. The model is solved by means of a cuckoo search algorithm which performance is compared with a hybridized genetic algorithm and a traditional mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach. The proposed algorithm provides valuable information to the system operator and the system planner regarding the most critical lines. Results show the applicability and robustness of the proposed approach.

KEYWORDS: Power systems vulnerability, terrorist threat problem, cuckoo search algorithm

REFERENCES:

[1] J.M. López-Lezama, C.E. Murillo-Sanchez, L.J. Zuluaga and J.F. Gutierrez-Gomez, “A contingency-based security-constraint optimal power flow model for revealing the marginal cost of a blackout risk-equalizing policy in the Colombian electricity market,” in Proc IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin Amercia, Caracas, 20016.

[2] P.H. Corredor, and M.E. Ruiz, “Against all odds: mitigating the impact of terrorist activity on Colombian´s power system,” IEEE Power Energy Mag. Vol.9, No. 2, 2011, pp. 59-66.

[3] J. Salmeron, K. Wood and R. Baldick, “Analysis of the electric grid security under terrorist threat,” EEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.19, No. 2, 2004, pp. 905-912.

[4] J. Arroyo and F. Galiana, “On the solution of the bilevel programming formulation of the terrorist threat problem”. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. Vol.20, No. 2, 2005, pp. 789- 797.

[5] L. Agudelo, J.M. López-Lezama and N. Muñoz-Galeano, “Vulnerability assessment of power systems to intentional attacks using a specialized genetic algorithm,” Revista DYNA Vol. 82, No. 192, 2015, pp. 78-84.

[6] J. Salmeron, K. Wood and R. Baldick, “Analysis of electric grid security under terrorist threat” Technical report NPSOR-04- 001, Naval Posgraduate School, Monterrey USA, 2004.

[7] J.M. Arroyo, “Bilevel programming applied to power system vulnerability analysis under multiple contingencies,” IET Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 4 No. , 2010, pp. 178-190.

[8] J. Salmeron, K. Wood and R. Baldick, “Worstcase interdiction analysis of large-scale electric power grids,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2009, pp. 96-104.

[9] A. Delgadillo, J.M. Arroyo and N. Alguacil, “Analysis of electric grid interdiction with line switching,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2010, pp. 633-641.

[10] L. Zhao and B. Zeng, “Vulnerability analysis of power grids with line switching,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 28, No. , 2013, pp. 2727-2736.

[11] Y. Wang, and R. Baldick, “Interdiction analysis of electric grids combining cascading outage and medium impacts,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 29, No. , 2014, pp. 2160 2168.

[12] N. Alguacil, M. Carrión and J.M. Arroyo, “Transmission network expansion planning under deliberate outages,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 31, No. 9, 2009, pp 553-561.

[13] R. Romero, X. Ningxiong, L.K. Nozick, I. Dobson and D. Jones, “Investment planning for electric power systems under terrorist threat,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2012, pp. 108-116.

[14] N. Alguacil, A. Delgadillo, Arroyo, J.M. “A trilevel programming approach for electric grid defence planning,” Computers and Operations Research, Vol. 4 No. 1, 2014, pp. 282-290.

[15] C. Mishar, S.P. Singh and J. Rokadia, “Optimal power flow in the presence of wind power using modified cuckoo search,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 9 No. 7, 2015 pp. 615-626.

[16] A.A. El-Fergany, and A. Abdelaziz, “Capacitor allocations in radial distribution networks using cuckoo search algorithm,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 8 No. 2, 2014 pp. 223-232.

[17] D.N. Vo, P. Schegner and W. Ongsakul, “Cuckoo search algorithm for non-convex economic dispatch,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 7 No. 6, 2013 pp. 645-654.

[18] J.M. López-Lezama, L.F. Buitrago and F. Villada, “Location, sizing and optimal contracting price of distributed generation in distribution networks,” Información Tecnológica, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2015, pp. 109-120.

[19] X.-S. Yang and S. Deb, “Cuckoo search via Lévy flights,” in Proc of World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing, India, 2009. IEEE Publications, USA, pp. 210- 214.

[20] M.A. Elhameed and M.M. Elkholy, “Optimal power flow using cuckoo search considering voltage stability,” WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 11, 2016, pp. 18-26.

[21] D. Rodrigues, L.A.M. Pereira, T.N.S. Almeida, J.P. Papa, A.N. Souza, C.C.O. Ramos and X.-S. Yang, “BCS: a binary cuckoo search algorithm for feature selection,” in Proc of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and System, 2013.

[22] R.D Zimmerman, C.E. Murillo-Sanchez, R.J. Thomas, “Matpower steady-state operations planning and analysis tools for power system research and education,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2011, pp. 12-19.

[23] C. Grigg, P. Wong, P. Albrecht, R. Allan, M. Bhavaraju, R. Billinton, Q. Chen, C. Fong, S. Haddad, S. Kuruganty W. Li, R. Mukerji, D. Patton, N. Rau, D. Reppen, A. Schneider, M. Shahidehpour, C. Singh, “The IEEE reliability test system-1996. A report prepared by the reliability test system task force of the application of probability methods subcommittee,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1999, pp. 1010-1020.